| ZPe | alkaloids d-out qh |
| SN | A diverse group of some 5,000 bitter compounds of plant origin containing nitrogen as well as carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, that are usually physiologically or pharmacologically active (e.g., producing mind-altering or toxic effects). Most medicinal and toxic plants as well as hallucinogenic plants owe their biological activity to alkaloids. Examples include caffeine, morphine, and nicotine. (THC, the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, is an exception.) The term also is applied to synthetic (i.e., made by a chemical process) alkaloids, which have structures similar to plant alkaloids. | |
| NT | BF2.2 mescaline qh ah | |
| BJ4.4.2 arecoline qh ah | ||
| YT10.2.2 ipecac qh ah | ||
| +ZQe opioids qh ah | ||
| ZT8.8.4e harmine qh ah | ||
| BT | +ZMe organic nitrogen compounds qh ah | |
| RT | BJ4.4.4e betel nut qh ah | |
| +BJ4.8 kava in any form qh ah | ||
| YT6.4.2 curare qh ah |
| ZP2e | . bicuculline qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +YW8.6 convulsants qh ah | |
| +ZT6.12e isoquinolines qh ah |
| ZP4 | . cinchona alkaloids qh |
| ZP4.2e | . . quinidine qh |
| BT | +YT8.2 antiarrhythmia agents qh ah | |
| +ZT6.22e quinolines qh ah |
| ZP4.4e | . . quinine qh |
| BT | +YQ4.10.4.2 antimalarials qh ah | |
| +ZT6.22e quinolines qh ah |
| ZP4.6e | . . tubocurarine qh |
| ZP6e | . colchicine qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +YR2.2.6 gout suppressants qh ah |
| ZP8 | . ergot alkaloids qh |
| SN | Pharmacologically active ingredients of ergot used medicinally variously for the treatment of mood depression in elderly patients, the treatment of migraine headaches, and the inducement of uterine contractions in expectant mothers. One of the many ergot alkaloids is lysergic amide, from which LSD-25 can be derived. | |
| RT | +ZT10 4 or more ring heterocyclic compounds qh ah |
| ZP8.2e | . . ergoline qh |
| NT | +BF4 lysergic acid qh ah |
| ZP8.4e | . . bromocriptine qh |
| BT | +YP4.6e alcohol withdrawal agents qh ah | |
| +YP4.8.2.4 dopaminergic anti-alcohol-craving agents qh ah | ||
| +YP4.8.12.4 dopaminergic agonists for alcohol-concurrent mental disorders qh ah | ||
| +YP10.8.6 cocaine blockers qh ah |
| ZP10e | . ibogaine qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | An hallucinogen and alkaloid from Tabernanthe iboga. | |
| ST | 12-methoxyibogamine | |
| BT | +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | |
| +YW10e hallucinogens qh ah | ||
| +ZT6.10e indoles qh ah |
| ZP12e | . physostigmine qh |
| BT | +YD8.4 cholinesterase inhibitors qh ah | |
| +YV10e parasympathomimetics qh ah |
| ZP14e | . pilocarpine qh |
| BT | +YV10.4 ganglionic stimulants qh ah |
| ZP16e | . pyrrolizidine alkaloids qh |
| BT | +YX4e carcinogens qh ah |
| ZP18e | . solanaceous alkaloids qh |
| NT | BD2e nicotine qh ah | |
| BT | +YV8e parasympatholytics qh ah |
| ZP18.2e | . . capsaicin qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| ZP18.4e | . . nicotinic acid qh |
| NT | BJ4.4.2 arecoline qh ah | |
| ZT4.26.2.6.2e Bay K 8644 qh ah | ||
| BT | +YB12e vitamin B complex qh ah | |
| +ZT2 heterocyclic acid qh ah |
| ZP18.4.2e | . . . niacin qh |
| BT | +YB12e vitamin B complex qh ah | |
| RT | GH14.4.6.6e niacin deficiency qh ah |
| ZP18.4.4e | . . . nimodipine qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +YT8.8 antihypertensive agents qh ah | |
| +YT8.14e calcium channel blockers qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.26.2.6e dihydropyridine qh ah |
| ZP18.6e | . . belladonna alkaloid qh |
| RT | +ZP30e tropane qh ah |
| ZP18.6.2e | . . . atropine qh |
| BT | +BT6.8.6 schedule IV opioids qh ah |
| ZP18.6.4e | . . . nicotinamide qh |
| BT | +YB12e vitamin B complex qh ah | |
| +YV8e parasympatholytics qh ah |
| ZP20e | . sparteine qh |
| BT | +YT8.2 antiarrhythmia agents qh ah |
| ZP22e | . strychnine qh |
| BT | +YW8.6 convulsants qh ah |
| ZP24e | . salsoline alkaloids qh |
| BT | +ZT6.12e isoquinolines qh ah |
| ZP24.2e | . . tetrahydroisoquinoline qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | tetrahydroxyisoquinoline | |
| THIQ | ||
| THQ | ||
| TIQ | ||
| NT | ZQ12.2.2.2e tetrahydropapaveroline qh ah | |
| RT | +ZG2.4e acetaldehyde qh ah | |
| +ZN2.8.6e dopamine qh ah |
| ZP24.2.2e | . . . salsolinol qh |
| RT | +ZG2.4e acetaldehyde qh ah | |
| +ZN2.8.6e dopamine qh ah |
| ZP26e | . rauwolfia alkaloids qh |
| BT | +YT8.8 antihypertensive agents qh ah | |
| +YV12.6 adrenergic neurohumor depleters qh ah | ||
| RT | +ZT10.2e yohimban qh ah |
| ZP26.2e | . . reserpine qh |
| SN | One of the alkaloids found in Rauwolfia serpentina (or snakeroot), a plant indigenous to India and neighboring countries, and used in a variety of antipsychotic tranquilizers. Unlike some tranquilizers, it has no anticonvulsant or antihistaminic effects, although the phenothiazine derivatives such as chlorpromazine are preferred in medical and psychiatric practice. | |
| BT | +ZT10.2e yohimban qh ah |
| ZP26.4e | . . yohimbine qh |
| BT | +YV12.2e alpha-adrenergic receptor blockaders qh ah | |
| +ZT10.2e yohimban qh ah |
| ZP28e | . xanthine alkaloids qh |
| NT | BC2e caffeine qh ah | |
| BC4 theophylline qh ah | ||
| WK4.6.4.12.2.2.2 Theobroma cacao qh ah | ||
| BT | +BC caffeine in any form qh ah | |
| +ZT6.18.2.2e xanthines qh ah |
| ZP30e | . tropane qh |
| NT | +BK2e cocaine qh ah | |
| RT | +ZP18.6e belladonna alkaloid qh ah |
| ZP30.2e | . . scopolamine qh |
| ZP30.2.2e | . . . scopolamine derivative qh |
| ZP32e | . aporphines qh |
| ST | aporphine alkaloids |
| ZP32.2e | . . apomorphine qh |
| SN | Produced by reacting morphine with hydrochloric acid, resulting in structural changes. | |
| BT | +YP4.6e alcohol withdrawal agents qh ah | |
| +YP4.8.10e conditioned alcohol aversion agents qh ah | ||
| +YP4.8.12.4 dopaminergic agonists for alcohol-concurrent mental disorders qh ah | ||
| +YV4.2 dopaminergic agents qh ah | ||
| RT | +HK2.12.2e chemical aversion therapy qh ah | |
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah |
| ZQe | . opioids d-out qh |
| SN | This generic term applies to alkaloids from the opium poppy, their synthetic analogues, and related compounds synthesized in the body that interact with specific receptors in the brain, have the
capacity to relieve pain, and produce a sense of well-being (euphoria).
Opium alkaloids and their semisynthetic derivatives include morphine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), hydromorphine, codeine, and oxycodone. Synthetic opioids include levorphanol, propoxyphene, methadone, meperidine (pethidine), and pentazocine. Endogenously occurring compounds with opioid actions include the endorphins and enkephalins. "Opioid use disorders" (F11) are among the "mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use" in ICD-10. | |
| ST | opium alkaloids | |
| NT | +BL opioids in any form qh ah | |
| +BT6.2.8 schedule I opioids qh ah | ||
| BT | +ZPe alkaloids qh ah | |
| RT | +YR2e analgesics qh ah | |
| +YW4e CNS depressants qh ah |
| ZQ2 | . . opioids by chemical structure qh |
| ZQ4 | . . phenanthrene derivative opioids qh |
| HN | Changed descriptor 1995; through 1995 also use "morphinans." | |
| SN | The prototype of this group is morphine. The group also includes compounds that are morphinan derivatives, such as levorphanol. The term morphinans is sometines used both in the narrow sense of
morphinan derivatives and in the broad sense of morphine-like opioids.
In the poppy, the biosynthesis sequence is thebaine, codeine, then morphine. Conversely, codeine can be produced from morphine. | |
| ST | morphinan alkaloids | |
| morphinans | ||
| morphine-like alkaloids | ||
| phenanthrene derivative alkaloids | ||
| BT | +ZT10 4 or more ring heterocyclic compounds qh ah |
| ZQ4.2 | . . . morphine and derivatives qh |
| SN | In some classifications, this group includes codeine. Here we use a narrower definition. | |
| ST | morphine derivatives | |
| NT | BL2e heroin qh ah | |
| +BT6.2.8.4 schedule I morphine derivatives qh ah |
| ZQ4.2.2e | . . . . morphine qh |
| SN | The principal active ingredient in opium. (Raw opium is composed of approximately 10 percent morphine by weight.) Isolated in 1803 and named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, morphine first received widespread use in the United States during the Civil War. Still one of the most useful of medical drugs, it is considered by some to be superior to all other pain relievers. In addition to pain relief, it reduces drive states and encourages sleep. Since the Harrison Narcotics Act and the spread of heroin use, the recreational use of morphine has declined, although the subjective effects of the two drugs in equivalent potencies are almost identical. | |
| BT | +BT6.4.10.4 schedule II opium and derivatives qh ah | |
| +BT6.6.6 schedule III opioids qh ah | ||
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.2e natural opiates qh ah | ||
| RT | +BL4 opioid product qh ah | |
| BL4.2e opium qh ah | ||
| BL6 Papaver somniferum qh ah |
| ZQ4.2.4e | . . . . nalorphine qh |
| SN | A semisynthetic derivative of morphine, manufactured as Nalline. It counters the depression of the central nervous system created by opiate narcotics and is often valuable in the treatment of narcotic overdoses by abolishing respiratory depression. Nalorphine precipitates pupil dilation in the presence of opiates, which is the basis for the Nalline test. | |
| BT | +BT6.6.6 schedule III opioids qh ah | |
| +ZQ16.4e semisynthetic opiates qh ah |
| ZQ4.2.6e | . . . . dihydromorphine qh |
| ST | hydromorphone hydrochloride | |
| BT | +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | |
| +ZQ16.4e semisynthetic opiates qh ah |
| ZQ4.2.8e | . . . . dihydromorphinone qh |
| SN | Strong analgesic used for moderate to severe pain. Also an antitussive. | |
| ST | Dilaudid | |
| hydromorphone | ||
| Hymorphan | ||
| BT | +BT6.4.10.4 schedule II opium and derivatives qh ah | |
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.4e semisynthetic opiates qh ah |
| ZQ4.2.10e | . . . . ethylmorphine qh |
| SN | Used in ophthalmology | |
| ST | Dionin | |
| BT | +BT6.4.10.4 schedule II opium and derivatives qh ah | |
| +BT6.6.6 schedule III opioids qh ah | ||
| +BT6.10.4 schedule V opioids qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.4e semisynthetic opiates qh ah |
| ZQ4.2.12 | . . . . oxymorphone qh |
| ST | Dihydrohydroxymorphinone | |
| BT | +BT6.4.10.4 schedule II opium and derivatives qh ah | |
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.4e semisynthetic opiates qh ah |
| ZQ4.4 | . . . codeine and derivatives qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| ZQ4.4.2e | . . . . codeine qh |
| SN | The (natural) opiate methylmorphine, an alkaloid of opium that is usually extracted from morphine; it resembles the effect of, but with only 1/6th to 1/10th the analgesic action. It is most often used as a pain reliever and an antitussive agent (e.g., in cough medicines). The opioid propoxyphene hydrochloride has similar effects but without the side effects of constipation and nausea that codeine produces. | |
| ST | methylmorphine | |
| BT | +BT6.4.10.4 schedule II opium and derivatives qh ah | |
| +BT6.6.6 schedule III opioids qh ah | ||
| +BT6.10.4 schedule V opioids qh ah | ||
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.2e natural opiates qh ah | ||
| RT | +BL4 opioid product qh ah | |
| BL4.2e opium qh ah | ||
| BL6 Papaver somniferum qh ah |
| ZQ4.4.4e | . . . . hydrocodone qh |
| SN | A hydrogenated ketone derivative of codeine used as an analgesic and antitussive agent. | |
| ST | Dicodid | |
| dihydrocodeinone | ||
| BT | +BT6.4.10.4 schedule II opium and derivatives qh ah | |
| +BT6.6.6 schedule III opioids qh ah | ||
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.2e natural opiates qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.4e semisynthetic opiates qh ah |
| ZQ4.4.6e | . . . . oxycodone qh |
| SN | A semisynthetic morphine derivative, manufactured as Percodan, Percocet-5, and Tylox. Used to relieve moderate to moderately severe pain. | |
| ST | dihydrohydroxycodeinone | |
| Percocet-5 | ||
| Percodan | ||
| Tylox | ||
| BT | +BT6.4.10.4 schedule II opium and derivatives qh ah | |
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.4e semisynthetic opiates qh ah |
| ZQ4.6 | . . . thebaine and derivatives qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| ZQ4.6.2e | . . . . thebaine qh |
| SN | Thebaine is precursor for important drugs. | |
| BT | +BT6.4.10.4 schedule II opium and derivatives qh ah | |
| +ZQ16.2e natural opiates qh ah |
| ZQ4.6.4e | . . . . naloxone qh |
| SN | A semisynthetic derivative of thebaine. An opiate narcotic antagonist, of short duration in action, useful intravenously but relatively ineffective in oral administration. It reverses the features of opiate intoxication and is prescribed for the treatment of overdose from this group of drugs.A synthetic congener of oxymorphone hydrochloride. | |
| ST | naloxone hydrochloride | |
| Narcan | ||
| BT | +YL2.4 ethanol antagonists qh ah | |
| +YP4.2e anti-alcohol-intoxication agents qh ah | ||
| +YP4.8.2.8 narcotic antagonist anti-alcohol-craving agents qh ah | ||
| +YP12.2 anti opiate intoxication agents qh ah | ||
| +YW12.2.2 pure narcotic antagonists qh ah | ||
| +ZQ16.4e semisynthetic opiates qh ah | ||
| +ZT12 bridged-ring heterocyclic compounds qh ah |
| ZQ4.6.6e | . . . . naltrexone qh |
| SN | A pure opiate narcotic antagonist and analog of naloxone hydrochloride, developed by Endo Laboratories in 1963. It has the qualities of being effective when taken orally, long acting, and relatively free of unpleasant side effects; it does not produce opiate withdrawal symptoms with sudden discontinuation. | |
| BT | +YP4.8.2.8 narcotic antagonist anti-alcohol-craving agents qh ah | |
| +YP4.8.6e alcohol blockers qh ah | ||
| +YP12.4 opiate detoxification agents qh ah | ||
| +YP12.8.6 opiate blockers qh ah | ||
| +YW12.2.2 pure narcotic antagonists qh ah | ||
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah | ||
| +ZT12 bridged-ring heterocyclic compounds qh ah |
| ZQ4.8 | . . . morphinan and derivatives qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| ZQ4.8.2e | . . . . levorphanol qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | A synthetic morphinan derivative. Strong analgesic used for moderate to severe and intractable pain. | |
| ST | Levo-Dromoran | |
| BT | +BT6.4.10.2 schedule II opiates qh ah | |
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah |
| ZQ4.8.4e | . . . . levallorphan qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| BT | +YW12.2.2 pure narcotic antagonists qh ah | |
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah |
| ZQ4.8.6e | . . . . nalmefene qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| BT | +YP4.8.2.8 narcotic antagonist anti-alcohol-craving agents qh ah | |
| +YW12.2.2 pure narcotic antagonists qh ah | ||
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah |
| ZQ6 | . . oripavine derivative opioids qh |
| ZQ6.2e | . . . buprenorphine qh |
| SN | A mixed antagonist/agonist with a long duration of action. It requires less frequent administration than methadone; appears to block the toxic, euphorigenic, and dependence-producing effects of opiates; and acts as a competitive antagonist (like naltrexone) while producing cross-tolerance (like methadone). Buprenorphine itself appears to produce little physical dependence; therefore, maintenance therapy could be easily terminated. | |
| ST | Buprenex | |
| BT | +YP10.8 cocaine relapse prevention agents qh ah | |
| +YP12.8.4 opiate agonist maintenance agents qh ah | ||
| +YW12.2.4 mixed narcotic agonists and antagonists qh ah | ||
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah |
| ZQ8 | . . phenylpiperidine derivative opioids qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| NT | ZT4.10 fentanyl qh ah |
| ZQ8.2e | . . . meperidine qh |
| SN | A synthetic opioid that also is known as pethidine.
One of the most widely used of the opioids, especially in childbirth and for relief of other severe pains. A drug frequently preferred by opiate narcotic abusers in the medical professions, it has pharmacological effects similar to morphine. | |
| ST | Demerol | |
| Mepergan | ||
| pethidine | ||
| BT | +BT6.4.10.2 schedule II opiates qh ah | |
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah | ||
| +ZT2 heterocyclic acid qh ah |
| ZQ10 | . . diphenylhaptane derivative opioids qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| ZQ10.2e | . . . methadone qh |
| SN | A synthetic opioid drug used in maintenance therapy for those dependent on opioids. It has a long half-life and can be given orally once daily with supervision.
An opioid largely used in the maintenance treatment of heroin dependency because (1) it prevents heroin withdrawal symptoms; (2) it fulfills the addict's physical need for the drug; (3) at sufficiently high doses, it blocks the effects of heroin through cross-tolerance; thus, a shot of street heroin while undergoing methadone treatment will probably give no pleasurable effect; (4) it is a longer-acting drug than heroin, the average dose lasting 24 hours, thus making it more convenient to administer; (5) it is effective orally, thus breaking the reliance on the ritual of injection; and (6) it can be dispensed at a treatment center. The ultimate aim is to wean addicts from heroin and the heroin lifestyle and allow them to adjust to a new lifestyle through which they can then withdraw from methadone and live drug free. | |
| NT | HK2.10.2.2.2 methadone maintenance qh ah | |
| BT | +BT6.4.10.2 schedule II opiates qh ah | |
| +YP12.4 opiate detoxification agents qh ah | ||
| +YP12.6 opiate withdrawal agents qh ah | ||
| +YP12.8.4 opiate agonist maintenance agents qh ah | ||
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZG4e ketones qh ah | ||
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah | ||
| RT | GF2.28.4.2 nodding out qh ah |
| ZQ10.4e | . . . LAAM qh |
| SN | An opioid that has completed large-scale clinical trails as an alternative treatment drug to methadone. Whereas methadone must be taken daily, LAAM dosage is three times a week, does not yield a quick high, and appears to provide a level, sustained effect. | |
| ST | l-alpha-acetylmethadol | |
| levo-alpha-acetyl methadol | ||
| levo-alpha-acetylmethadol | ||
| BT | +YP12.8.4 opiate agonist maintenance agents qh ah | |
| +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | ||
| +ZQ18e synthetic opioids qh ah | ||
| RT | HK2.10.2.2.2 methadone maintenance qh ah |
| ZQ12 | . . benzylisoquinoline derivative opioids qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| ZQ12.2e | . . . papaverine qh |
| SN | A naturally occurring alkaloid of opium that acts to depress the heart and smooth muscles. Unlike morphine and codeine, it has no analgesic, euphoric, or other central nervous system effects. | |
| BT | +YV8e parasympatholytics qh ah | |
| +ZQ16.2e natural opiates qh ah | ||
| +ZT6.12e isoquinolines qh ah | ||
| RT | BL6 Papaver somniferum qh ah |
| ZQ12.2.2e | . . . . papaveroline qh |
| BT | +YV14.2.4e beta-adrenergic receptor agonists qh ah |
| ZQ12.2.2.2e | . . . . . tetrahydropapaveroline qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | Norlaudansoline | |
| tetrahydroxypapaveroline | ||
| BT | +ZP24.2e tetrahydroisoquinoline qh ah |
| ZQ14 | . . opioids by origin qh |
| ZQ16e | . . opiates qh |
| SN | A group of alkaloids derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, that have the properties of inducing analgesia; euphoria; and in higher doses, stupor, coma, and respiratory depression. The term "opiate" includes natural and semisynthetic opioids but excludes synthetic opioids and endogenous opioids. For further information, see the scope note (SN) for *+ZQ opioids* qh ah. | |
| NT | +BT6.2.8.2 schedule I opiates qh ah | |
| BT | +YW4.2e narcotic analgesics qh ah | |
| RT | +YK8e opioid receptors qh ah |
| ZQ16.2e | . . . natural opiates qh |
| SN | Refers to opium and its two alkaloids codeine and morphine. | |
| NT | BL4.2e opium qh ah | |
| ZQ4.2.2e morphine qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.4.2e codeine qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.4.4e hydrocodone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.6.2e thebaine qh ah | ||
| +ZQ12.2e papaverine qh ah |
| ZQ16.4e | . . . semisynthetic opiates qh |
| SN | Refers to the opiates derived from the two opium alkaloids morphine and codeine; examples are heroin (diacetylmorphine) and hydromorphone hydrochloride. | |
| NT | BL2e heroin qh ah | |
| ZQ4.2.4e nalorphine qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.2.6e dihydromorphine qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.2.8e dihydromorphinone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.2.10e ethylmorphine qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.2.12 oxymorphone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.4.4e hydrocodone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.4.6e oxycodone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.6.4e naloxone qh ah |
| ZQ18e | . . synthetic opioids qh |
| SN | Synthetic drugs manufactured to resemble the opium alkaloids morphine and codeine and their derivatives in action and effect. The principal synthetics are meperidine hydrochloride and its related drugs, levorphanol tartrate, methadone hydrochloride, pentazocine, and propoxyphene hydrochloride. Also called "synthetic opiates." Although semantically incorrect, opioid is sometimes used as a general term that includes all of the opium and opiumlike derivatives, natural and synthetic. | |
| NT | ZJ2.6.6.2.2e propoxyphene qh ah | |
| ZQ4.6.6e naltrexone qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.8.2e levorphanol qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.8.4e levallorphan qh ah | ||
| ZQ4.8.6e nalmefene qh ah | ||
| ZQ6.2e buprenorphine qh ah | ||
| ZQ8.2e meperidine qh ah | ||
| +ZQ10.2e methadone qh ah | ||
| ZQ10.4e LAAM qh ah | ||
| ZT4.10 fentanyl qh ah | ||
| RT | ZP32.2e apomorphine qh ah |
| ZQ20e | . . endogenous opioids qh |
| SN | Naturally occurring brain neuropeptides that include at least two major families, the enkephalins and endorphins. Both can interact with opiate-binding sites (receptors) and may thus modulate the perception of pain; endorphins, in addition, appear to modulate mood and responses to stressful stimuli. | |
| ST | endogenous opioid peptides | |
| RT | +YK8e opioid receptors qh ah |
| ZQ20.2e | . . . endorphins qh |
| SN | Endogenous opioid biochemical compounds (peptides). Substances produced by the body that resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being. The term "endorphin" is used generally to refer to all of the endogenous opioid compounds and implies a pharmacological activity (analogous to the activity of the corticosteroid category of biochemicals) as opposed to a specific chemical formulation. Endorphins have so far been found to be present only in vertebrate animals. | |
| ST | opioid peptides | |
| BT | +YG30.2.2 lipotropin qh ah | |
| +YV4 neuroregulators qh ah | ||
| RT | ZO6.8.26.4e pro-opiomelanocortin qh ah |
| ZQ20.2.2e | . . . . beta-endorphin qh |
| ZQ20.2.4e | . . . . dynorphin qh |
| ZQ20.4e | . . . enkephalin qh |
| SN | Specific chemical names for endorphin-type compounds; nethionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin. | |
| RT | +YK8e opioid receptors qh ah |
| ZQ20.4.2e | . . . . leucine enkephalin qh |
| ZQ20.4.4e | . . . . methionine enkephalin qh |
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