| Be | AOD substance or product b-out d-out qh |
| SN | This section brings together the major substances of abuse for ease of reference. For indexing and searching, these substance descriptors are often combined with other descriptors. For example,
*+AE4 AOD tolerance* qh ah combined with *BL2 heroin* qh ah expresses heroin tolerance, and *+GJ2.16 chemical intrauterine disorder* qh ah combined with *+BL opioids in any form* qh ah expresses
opiate-related intrauterine disorder.
Substances of abuse can be classified in many different ways. The conventional groupings of drugs are not based consistently on one principle; some are based on the substance (e.g., alcohol, nicotine/tobacco, or cocaine), others on the effect (e.g., hallucinogens), and still others on the mode of administration (e.g., volatile inhalants). The major part of this section is organized according to these conventional groupings, starting with licit drugs (alcohol, nicotine/tobacco, and caffeine) and moving on to illicit drugs (marijuana, cocaine, and heroin, as well as hallucinogens and volatile inhalants). To complement this primary classification, this section gives other ways for classifying drugs: route of administration, legal status, and other classification. Under each class, the appropriate substances are listed as narrower term cross-references. This section can be considered a subset of *+Y chemical substances by function* qh ah, with particularly close ties to *+YW CNS agents* qh ah. Substances of abuse are placed here in *+B AOD substance or product* qh ah because they are of major interest. If a class of abusable substances, such as *+YW4 CNS depressants* qh ah or *+YW4.8 sedative-hypnotics* qh ah, is not found in section B, use the appropriate descriptor from section *+YW CNS agents* qh ah. Many substances of abuse occur in many forms and in many products. Also, in the context of this thesaurus, mention of the plant from which the substance originates usually implies an abuse context. Therefore, the chemical substance (or class of related substances), the products containing it, and the plant(s) from which the substance originates are all grouped together under a heading, such as *+BB alcohol in any form* qh ah. | |
| NT | +EE20.8.2e postnatal AOD exposure qh ah | |
| MT2.12e AOD price qh ah | ||
| BT | +Y chemical substances by function qh ah | |
| +YW2e psychoactive substances qh ah | ||
| RT | +EBe metabolism qh ah | |
| +EB10e drug metabolism qh ah | ||
| +EE20e chemical exposure qh ah | ||
| FK8.4.2e drug discrimination qh ah | ||
| +MN28.2.8.2 pure food and drug laws qh ah | ||
| +OD2e AOD production process qh ah | ||
| +TL4e AOD user qh ah | ||
| +YWe CNS agents qh ah |
| BA | AOD substances in general d-out qh |
| SN | Assign this term if all alcohol and other drugs are discussed or if AOD are discussed in general. | |
| ST | abusable drug | |
| alcohol and other drugs (AOD) | ||
| substance of abuse | ||
| RT | +TL4.10e AOD abuser qh ah | |
| +TL8e AOD-impaired qh ah | ||
| +TL8.4e AOD-impaired worker qh ah |
| BA2 | other drugs in general qh |
| SN | Assign this term if drugs other than alcohol are discussed. |
| BA4e | gateway drug qh |
| SN | An illicit or licit drug, use of which is regarded as opening the way to the use of another drug, usually one viewed as more problematic. | |
| ST | gateway AOD | |
| RT | AJ10.10e gateway theory of AODU qh ah | |
| +BBe alcohol in any form qh ah | ||
| +BDe tobacco in any form qh ah | ||
| +BEe marijuana in any form qh ah |
| BA6e | designer drug qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | A novel chemical substance with psychoactive properties that is synthesized specifically for sale on the illicit market and to circumvent regulations on controlled substances. In response, these regulations now commonly include in their scope both novel and possible analogues of existing psychoactive substances. The term came into use in the 1980s. | |
| ST | analog drug | |
| look-alike drug | ||
| substitute drug | ||
| NT | BJ2.8e MDMA qh ah | |
| BJ2.10 DOM qh ah | ||
| RT | LN28.2 rave qh ah |
| BA8 | habit-forming drug qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | addictive drug | |
| RT | EE2.4e AOD dependence potential qh ah |
| BBe | alcohol in any form d-out qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Use this descriptor for indexing documents in which the alcohol form is unspecified or for indexing or searching for broad documents covering all forms of alcohol. Use *+BB4 alcohol product* qh ah and *+BB4.2 alcoholic beverage* qh ah where appropriate. Use *+BB2 ethanol* qh ah for documents dealing with metabolism, biochemistry, or pharmacology. For other chemical forms of alcohol, see *+ZF2 alcohols (chemical class)* qh ah. | |
| ST | alcohol | |
| NT | +AN8.2.4 public drinking qh ah | |
| +AN8.4.4e drinking and driving qh ah | ||
| AN8.6.2e underage drinking qh ah | ||
| EE20.4.2.2 maternal alcohol exposure qh ah | ||
| EE20.4.4.2 paternal alcohol exposure qh ah | ||
| EE20.6.4.2e prenatal alcohol exposure qh ah | ||
| EE20.8.2.2e postnatal alcohol exposure qh ah | ||
| +GC16 alcohol use disorder qh ah | ||
| GC16.2 alcohol abuse qh ah | ||
| +GC16.4 alcohol intoxication qh ah | ||
| GC16.4.2 alcohol poisoning qh ah | ||
| GC16.4.4 pathological alcohol intoxication qh ah | ||
| +GC16.4.6 post alcohol intoxication state qh ah | ||
| GC16.4.6.2 hangover (alcohol) qh ah | ||
| GC16.6 alcohol dependence qh ah | ||
| +GC16.8 alcohol withdrawal syndrome qh ah | ||
| GC16.8.2 conditioned alcohol withdrawal syndrome qh ah | ||
| GC16.8.4 alcohol related seizure qh ah | ||
| GC16.10 relief drinking qh ah | ||
| +HB2.8e BAC qh ah | ||
| +HB2.8.4e BAC method qh ah | ||
| +HB4.6.2.8 alcohol-related biological markers qh ah | ||
| JG12.14.4.2 alcohol-free event qh ah | ||
| JT14.4.12.4.2 alcoholism treatment unit qh ah | ||
| +MC12.8 sociocultural alcohol use qh ah | ||
| +MM20.6.6 illegal alcohol use qh ah | ||
| +MN20.8e ABC laws qh ah | ||
| +ZF2e alcohols (chemical class) qh ah | ||
| BT | +YW4.8e sedative-hypnotics qh ah | |
| RT | BA4e gateway drug qh ah | |
| +BX2e alcohol chemistry qh ah | ||
| GT2.6.18 sideroblastic anemia qh ah | ||
| +YC14.2e alcohol oxidoreductases qh ah | ||
| +YC14.2.2e alcohol dehydrogenases qh ah | ||
| +YC14.2.2.2e ADH isoenzymes qh ah | ||
| +ZG2.4e acetaldehyde qh ah |
| BB2e | ethanol qh |
| SN | Ethanol (C2H5OH), the main psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages, results from the fermentation of sugar by yeast. In addition to its use for human consumption, ethanol also is used as a
fuel, as a solvent, and in chemical manufacturing.
Use this descriptor for indexing documents dealing with metabolism, biochemistry, or pharmacology. | |
| ST | ethyl alcohol | |
| ETOH | ||
| NT | +EB10.12e ethanol metabolism qh ah | |
| +GR2e ethanol metabolism disorder qh ah | ||
| BT | +YW4e CNS depressants qh ah | |
| +YW4.8e sedative-hypnotics qh ah | ||
| +YX6e teratogens qh ah | ||
| +ZF2.2.4e ethanol and ethanol derivatives qh ah | ||
| RT | +BB4.2e alcoholic beverage qh ah | |
| BV4.2.2e absolute alcohol qh ah | ||
| YL2.2 ethanol agonists qh ah | ||
| +YL2.4 ethanol antagonists qh ah | ||
| +ZF2e alcohols (chemical class) qh ah | ||
| +ZG2.4e acetaldehyde qh ah |
| BB2.14 | . denatured alcohol qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Ethanol made nonpotable with the addition of methanol (methyl alcohol) or acetone and a small quantity of benzene or the pyridine bases. Meant for use as a solvent and for chemical processes but also has been documented to be ingested by those dependent on alcohol whose access to alcoholic beverages has been cut off, denied, or limited. | |
| ST | methylated spirits | |
| BT | +BG2 solvent of abuse qh ah | |
| +ZF2.2.2e methanol qh ah | ||
| RT | ZG4.2e acetone qh ah |
| BB4e | alcohol product qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Refers to products containing alcohol, whether produced for human consumption or not. Includes alcoholic beverages that contain some form of alcohol, as well as products such as cologne or deodorant. | |
| BT | +BR product containing AOD qh ah | |
| +OA technology, manufacturing, and agriculture qh ah | ||
| RT | BV4.2.2e absolute alcohol qh ah | |
| +ZF2e alcohols (chemical class) qh ah |
| BB4.2e | . alcoholic beverage qh |
| SN | Liquid for drinking that contains alcohol. *+BB2 ethanol* qh ah is the main psychoactive ingredient in all alcoholic beverages in common use. Several thousand other constituents of alcoholic beverages, besides ethanol and water, have so far been identified and are referred to as "congeners". | |
| BT | +BT2e licit drug qh ah | |
| +OG4 beverage qh ah | ||
| RT | +BBe alcohol in any form qh ah | |
| BV2.4.2e standard drink qh ah | ||
| +OG4.2.12e dealcoholized beverage qh ah | ||
| +SO4.2e alcoholic beverage industry qh ah | ||
| +ZF2e alcohols (chemical class) qh ah |
| BB4.2.4e | . . fermented alcoholic beverage qh |
| ST | nondistilled alcoholic beverage |
| BB4.2.4.2e | . . . beer qh |
| RT | OG4.2.12.2e dealcoholized beer qh ah | |
| +SO4.2.2 brewing industry qh ah |
| BB4.2.4.2.2 | . . . . draft beer and packaged beer qh |
| BB4.2.4.2.2.2 | . . . . . draft beer qh |
| ST | draught beer |
| BB4.2.4.2.2.4 | . . . . . packaged beer qh |
| BB4.2.4.2.4 | . . . . beer by alcohol content qh |
| BB4.2.4.2.4.2 | . . . . . light beer qh |
| ST | low alcohol beer |
| BB4.2.4.2.4.4 | . . . . . regular beer qh |
| BB4.2.4.2.4.6 | . . . . . high alcohol beer qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| BB4.2.4.4 | . . . specific beer types qh |
| ST | beer segments |
| BB4.2.4.6e | . . . sake qh |
| BB4.2.4.8e | . . . wine qh |
| RT | +SO4.2.4 wine industry qh ah | |
| WK4.6.4.22.2.2 Vitis vinifera qh ah |
| BB4.2.4.8.2 | . . . . red wine and white wine qh |
| BB4.2.4.8.2.2e | . . . . . red wine qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. |
| BB4.2.4.8.2.4e | . . . . . white wine qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. |
| BB4.2.4.8.4 | . . . . low alcohol wine qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| BB4.2.4.8.6 | . . . . fortified wine qh |
| SN | Additional alcohol is added during or after alcohol fermentation. | |
| ST | dessert wine | |
| potent wine |
| BB4.2.4.8.8 | . . . . flavored wine qh |
| BB4.2.4.8.8.10 | . . . . . aperitif wine qh |
| BB4.2.4.8.10e | . . . . wine cooler qh |
| RT | BB4.2.6.6 distilled spirits cooler qh ah |
| BB4.2.4.8.12 | . . . . wine by grape type or region qh |
| BB4.2.4.8.14 | . . . . fruit wines qh |
| SN | Wines made from fruit other than grapes. |
| BB4.2.4.10e | . . . alcoholic cider qh |
| ST | hard cider |
| BB4.2.4.12 | . . . mead qh |
| BB4.2.4.14 | . . . pulque qh |
| SN | Fermented mash made from some species of agave plant, usually maguey. |
| BB4.2.6e | . . distilled alcoholic beverage qh |
| ST | distilled spirits | |
| liquor | ||
| spirits (alcohol) | ||
| RT | +SO4.2.6 distilling industry qh ah |
| BB4.2.6.2 | . . . neutral distilled alcoholic spirit qh |
| BB4.2.6.4 | . . . distinctive alcoholic spirit qh |
| BB4.2.6.4.14 | . . . . liqueur qh |
| ST | cordial |
| BB4.2.6.6 | . . . distilled spirits cooler qh |
| RT | BB4.2.4.8.10e wine cooler qh ah |
| BB4.2.6.8 | . . . mixed drink qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | cocktail |
| BB4.2.8 | . . sweet alcoholic beverage qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | alcopop |
| BB4.4 | . food containing alcohol qh |
| SN | Excludes beverages. Includes prepared foods containing alcohol, such as entrees, desserts, etc., made with alcohol. | |
| BT | +BR2e food product containing AOD qh ah |
| BB4.4.2 | . . cooking product containing alcohol qh |
| BB4.4.2.2 | . . . flavoring extract qh |
| BB4.4.2.4 | . . . cooking sherry qh |
| BB4.6e | . nonfood alcohol product qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| SN | A general term for products containing ethanol not intended for human consumption. Many industrial and consumer products that contain ethanol are sometimes consumed as a substitute for alcoholic beverages. Included are mouthwashes, methylated spirits, and rubbing alcohol. This descriptor also includes "alcohol surrogates," which refers to nonethanol products that are consumed, such as ethylene glycol (i.e., antifreeze). | |
| ST | alcohol surrogate | |
| nonbeverage alcohol | ||
| BT | +BR4e nonfood product containing AOD qh ah |
| BB4.6.2 | . . medical or pharmaceutical alcohol product qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| BB4.6.2.2 | . . . rubbing alcohol qh |
| RT | ZF2.2.6e propyl alcohol qh ah |
| BB4.6.2.4 | . . . liniment qh |
| BB4.6.2.6 | . . . elixir qh |
| BB4.6.2.8 | . . . cough syrup qh |
| ST | terpin hydrate |
| BB4.6.2.10 | . . . liquid cold remedies qh |
| ST | Nyquil |
| BB4.6.2.12 | . . . thermerosal qh |
| ST | Merthiolate |
| BB4.6.4 | . . cosmetic alcohol product qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| BB4.6.4.2 | . . . hair tonic qh |
| BB4.6.4.4 | . . . mouthwash qh |
| BB4.6.4.6 | . . . cologne qh |
| ST | perfume |
| BB4.6.4.8 | . . . aftershave lotion qh |
| BB4.6.6 | . . other nonfood alcohol product qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| BB4.6.6.2 | . . . sterno qh |
| ST | canned cooking fuel |
| BB4.6.6.4e | . . . antifreeze qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | ethylene glycol |
| BB4.6.6.6 | . . . windshield washing solution qh |
| BB4.6.6.8 | . . . brake fluid qh |
| BB4.6.6.10 | . . . gasoline qh |
| SN | A volatile, highly toxic, refined mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons that has fumes with a deliriant effect similar to glue or cleaning fluid when inhaled. | |
| ST | gas (fuel) | |
| BT | +BG6.2 product containing solvent qh ah |
| BB4.6.6.12 | . . . model airplane fuel qh |
| BT | +BG6.2 product containing solvent qh ah |
| BB4.6.6.14 | . . . paint thinner qh |
| BT | +BG6.2 product containing solvent qh ah | |
| RT | +ZE8.4e toluene qh ah |
| BB4.6.6.16 | . . . turpentine qh |
| BT | +BG6.2 product containing solvent qh ah |
| BC | caffeine in any form d-out qh |
| SN | In this descriptor, the term "caffeine" is used broadly to include caffeine and other caffeinelike substances. The appropriate term is "xanthine alkaloids" in any form, but most people are unfamiliar with the term or that caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid. | |
| NT | +ZP28e xanthine alkaloids qh ah | |
| BT | +BJ CNS stimulants of abuse qh ah |
| BC2e | caffeine qh |
| SN | A xanthine, which is a mild central nervous system stimulant, vasodilator, and diuretic. Caffeine is found in coffee, chocolate, cola and some other soft drinks, and tea, in some cases with other
xanthines, such as *BC4 theophylline* qh ah or theobromine. Caffeine use disorder and caffeine dependence
are among the substance use disorders in ICD-10.
Caffeine is a white, bitter, crystalline substance that has stimulant effects and constricts blood vessels in the brain. Toxic reactions to excessive caffeine consumption are manifold and include the following: dizziness, tremulousness, apprehension, nervousness, irritability, agitation, insomnia, diarrhea, headache, lightheadedness, breathlessness, hard breathing, reflex hyperexcitability, muscle twitching, excessive sensibility, ringing in ears, visual flashes of light, heart palpitations, rapidity of heart action, absence of heart rhythm, flushing, and hypotension. | |
| BT | +BJ CNS stimulants of abuse qh ah | |
| +YW8e CNS stimulants qh ah | ||
| +ZP28e xanthine alkaloids qh ah | ||
| RT | BC6.2e coffee qh ah | |
| BC6.4e tea qh ah | ||
| WK4.6.4.12.2.2.2 Theobroma cacao qh ah |
| BC4 | theophylline qh |
| SN | A dimethylxanthine that occurs in tea leaves. It is a diuretic and central nervous system stimulant with a potency slightly less than that of *BC2 caffeine* qh ah. | |
| BT | +YT8.6e vasodilator agents qh ah | |
| +YV2 bronchodilator agents qh ah | ||
| +ZP28e xanthine alkaloids qh ah | ||
| RT | BC2e caffeine qh ah | |
| BC6.4e tea qh ah |
| BC6 | caffeinated beverage qh |
| ST | beverages containing caffeine | |
| BT | +OG4.2e nonalcoholic beverage qh ah |
| BC6.2e | . coffee qh |
| RT | BC2e caffeine qh ah | |
| BC8 Coffea qh ah |
| BC6.4e | . tea qh |
| SN | A tea prepared from the leaves of *BC10 Thea* qh ah. The principal chemical constituents of tea are *BC2 caffeine* qh ah, *+ZF4.8.2 tannin* qh ah, and essential oil. Caffeine supplies the stimulating quality; tannin, the strength of the beverage; and essential oil, the flavor and aroma. An average tea may contain 3.5 percent caffeine, 15 percent tannin, and a small percentage of *BC4 theophylline* qh ah (the essential oil). | |
| RT | BC4 theophylline qh ah |
| BC6.6e | . caffeinated soft drink qh |
| ST | soda | |
| soft drinks containing caffeine | ||
| RT | BC12 Cola qh ah |
| BC8 | Coffea qh |
| BT | +WK4.6.4.32.2 Rubiaceae qh ah | |
| RT | BC6.2e coffee qh ah |
| BC10 | Thea qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| RT | BC6.4e tea qh ah |
| BC12 | Cola qh |
| SN | Trees that bear the kola nut. The kola nut contains caffeine and theobromine, which yield an extract used in carbonated beverages. | |
| ST | Kola | |
| BT | +WK4.6.4.12 Malvales qh ah | |
| RT | BC6.6e caffeinated soft drink qh ah | |
| WK4.6.4.12.2.2.2 Theobroma cacao qh ah |
| BDe | tobacco in any form d-out qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| ST | nicotine in any form | |
| tobacco | ||
| NT | AN8.6.4 underage smoking qh ah | |
| EF4.4.4.6.2 nicotine inhaler qh ah | ||
| EF4.4.4.6.4 nicotine spray qh ah | ||
| +HK2.10.2.2.4 nicotine replacement qh ah | ||
| +MM20.8 tobacco offense qh ah | ||
| RT | BA4e gateway drug qh ah | |
| EF4.4.2.2 skin patch qh ah | ||
| +EF4.4.4.2e smoking qh ah | ||
| +YX4.4 tar qh ah |
| BD2e | nicotine qh |
| SN | Nicotine is believed to be responsible for most of the effects of smoking and for the fact that tobacco smoking is such a powerful habit. An extremely toxic substance, its general physical effects include irritation of lung tissues, constriction of blood vessels, and increased blood pressure and heart rates. The effects of nicotine are complex and unpredictable, appearing to have various, often opposing, simultaneous effects. Generally, it produces central nervous system stimulation, but in high doses it also can have depressant effects. Regular cigarette smokers claim it calms the nerves; neophytes feel dizzy and stimulated. This difference in perception may be due to tolerance to nicotine effects. Although often classified as a stimulant, many authorities prefer to place it in a separate category. | |
| BT | +BJ CNS stimulants of abuse qh ah | |
| +YV8.2 ganglionic blockaders qh ah | ||
| +YV10.4 ganglionic stimulants qh ah | ||
| +YW8e CNS stimulants qh ah | ||
| +ZP18e solanaceous alkaloids qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.26.2e aminopyrine qh ah | ||
| RT | +BD4e tobacco product qh ah | |
| +YK6.4.4e nicotinic receptor qh ah |
| BD4e | tobacco product qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Dried leaves of the plant Nicotiniana tabacum, which are most often inhaled but are sometimes chewed. The three main constituents of tobacco smoke are *BD2 nicotine* qh ah, carbon monoxide, and *+YX4.4 tar* qh ah. Nicotine, the main active ingredient, comprises about 1.5 percent of the average cigarette. Long-term use has been shown to have numerous adverse effects, principally on the bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Smoking is now believed to be the main cause of lung cancer, and is associated with cancers of the mouth and respiratory tract. It also facilitates respiratory infections. Smokers also are much more likely than nonsmokers to develop coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disorders, and peripheral vascular disease. | |
| BT | +BT2e licit drug qh ah | |
| RT | +SO4.4 tobacco industry qh ah |
| BD4.2e | . cigarette qh |
| RT | OH12.2.4 vending machine qh ah | |
| YX4.4.2e cigarette tar qh ah |
| BD4.2.2 | . . filter cigarette qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| BD4.2.4 | . . filterless cigarette qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| BD4.2.6 | . . mentholated cigarette qh |
| BD4.2.8 | . . low tar cigarette qh |
| BD4.4e | . cigar qh |
| BD4.6e | . smokeless tobacco qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. |
| BD4.6.2 | . . chewing tobacco qh |
| RT | +EF4.4.6 oral mucosal administration qh ah | |
| EF4.4.6.4 sublingual administration qh ah | ||
| EN2 chewing qh ah |
| BD4.6.4 | . . snuff qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| BD4.8 | . pipe tobacco qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| BD6 | tobacco smoke qh |
| BT | +PZ2.4.4 indoor pollution qh ah | |
| RT | CF14.8 gaseous solution qh ah | |
| +EE20.2 passive inhalation qh ah | ||
| +EF4.4.4.2e smoking qh ah |
| BD6.2 | . secondhand smoke qh |
| BT | +EE20.2 passive inhalation qh ah |
| BD8 | nicotine product qh |
| BD8.2 | . nicotine replacement system qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| BT | +HK2.10.2.2.4 nicotine replacement qh ah |
| BD8.2.2 | . . nicotine gum qh |
| ST | Nicorette | |
| nicotine polacrilex | ||
| BT | +HK2.10.2.2.4 nicotine replacement qh ah |
| BD8.2.4 | . . nicotine patch qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +HK2.10.2.2.4 nicotine replacement qh ah |
| BD10 | Nicotiniana tabacum qh |
| ST | tobacco plant | |
| BT | +WK4.6.4.28.2.4 Nicotiniana qh ah |
| BEe | marijuana in any form d-out qh |
| SN | An ambiguous term related to the varieties of cannabis plants cultivated for their intoxicating properties. Marijuana may refer specifically to the fresh plant or to the dried and shredded
preparation made from the flowering tops, stems, and leaves of the female. It also is used to refer generally to all the various intoxicating cannabis preparations. For example, descriptions of
"the effects of marijuana" usually relate to all the various preparations. The phrases "marijuana joint" or "bag of marijuana" refer to the leafy, dried product.
While marijuana is consumed for its effect, what a user may actually experience is highly variable and uncertain; the effects may range from nothing to hallucinations, from relaxed euphoria to acute feelings of panic and discomfort. The effect achieved depends upon the environment in which the drug is consumed, the user's feelings at the time of consumption, and the dose. The dose, in turn, depends upon the route of ingestion--usually smoked (cigarette or wet or dry pipe) or eaten (solid or liquid preparations)--and THC content (near 0 percent in hemp to 60 percent in crystallized hash oil). It is this broad possible combination of variables that makes the effects of marijuana highly inconsistent between users and in an individual user from one time to the next. The desired effects of marijuana have been described variously as a sense of well-being, a dreamy state of relaxation and euphoria, diverted alterations in thought formations, a more vivid sense of touch and perception, and distorted concepts of time and space. Symptoms that are commonly, but not always, associated with marijuana use include reddening of the eyes, dryness of the mouth, hunger, mild tachycardia, and reduction of pressure in the ocular fluid of the eyes. | |
| ST | cannabinoids in any form | |
| NT | +ZU4e cannabinoids qh ah | |
| BT | +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | |
| RT | BA4e gateway drug qh ah | |
| +EF4.4.4.2e smoking qh ah |
| BE2 | cannabinoid of abuse qh |
| SN | Chemical derivatives unique to the cannabis plant, such as THC and CBD. | |
| BT | +BF hallucinogens of abuse qh ah | |
| +ZU4e cannabinoids qh ah |
| BE2.2e | . tetrahydrocannabinol qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| ST | THC | |
| BT | +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | |
| +ZU4e cannabinoids qh ah |
| BE2.2.2 | . . delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol qh |
| SN | Tetrahydrocannabinol, a psychoactive alkaloid of the cannabis plant, first synthesized in 1965. One of many cannabis derivatives, it is believed to produce the primary psychoactive effects of marijuana. Hashish usually contains about 12 percent THC and up to 40 percent hash oil. Because pure THC is expensive to produce and loses its potency rapidly upon exposure to air, much of what is sold on the streets as THC is PCP or LSD. |
| BE4 | cannabis product qh |
| BE4.2 | . marijuana leaf qh |
| ST | kief |
| BE4.4 | . marijuana flower qh |
| SN | Also known as sinsemilla--from the Spanish "sin" (without) and "semilla" (seed) (pronounced seen-seh-mee'-yah). Sinsemilla is the potent flowering top (excised of leaves) of the unpollinated and seedless female marijuana plant. Keeping the female plants unpollinated creates increasing quantities in their flowering tops of a sticky substance containing a high concentration of THC (the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana), which is produced in a vain attempt to trap pollen from the male plant and become fertilized. If the female plant becomes fertilized, it devotes a large portion of its chemical energies to making seeds and, in the process, lowers its THC content. The growth of sinsemilla requires the identification and weeding out of the male plants before they begin pollination and the harvesting of the female plants at the peak of their pollen-luring secretions, both of which are difficult to determine. This process for cultivating marijuana has been used in Asia for centuries and is, for example, used to grow the marijuana contained in Thai sticks. Its use in the West was popularized after the drug experiences of American soldiers in Vietnam in the 1960s. | |
| ST | sinsemilla |
| BE4.6 | . bhang qh |
| SN | A beverage drunk in India that is made with hashish (or marijuana) and often contains milk or yogurt. Also the name used in India for marijuana. |
| BE4.8 | . hashish qh |
| SN | The dried, caked resin produced from the tops and leaves of the female cannabis plant. Hashish contains a higher concentration of THC (up to 14 percent) than does marijuana. Hashish comes in many different shapes but is often sold in little rectangular tablets. The tablets can be soft, crumbly, or hard and may range from light brown to black in color. Hashish has a heavy marijuana odor when burned. It is often smoked in water pipes, which regulate and cool the smoke, or sprinkled on joints or tobacco cigarettes. |
| BE4.10 | . hash oil qh |
| SN | A highly refined, oily cannabis extract that contains the highest concentration of THC of all forms of cannabis--up to 40 percent. Hash oil is thick and can be dark brown, yellow, reddish-yellow, or clear in color. It can be applied a drop at a time to marijuana tobacco or spread on the paper used to roll joints and cigarettes. It does not have the characteristic smell of marijuana when burned. Crystallized hash oil can have a potency of 60-percent THC. The THC content in hash oil deteriorates rapidly when not properly refrigerated. |
| BE6 | Cannabis qh |
| SN | A plant genus that comprises marijuana. Includes Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. Cannabis contains more than 460 different chemicals, including THC. | |
| ST | hemp | |
| marijuana plant | ||
| BT | +WK4.6.4.6.2 Cannabaceae qh ah | |
| RT | OH4.2 hemp (material) qh ah | |
| +ZU4e cannabinoids qh ah |
| BE8e | medical use of marijuana qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| ST | medical marijuana | |
| BT | +EE14.4.4.2e therapeutic drug effect qh ah | |
| RT | MP18.2.8.12.2 drug legalization qh ah |
| BF | hallucinogens of abuse d-out qh |
| SN | This section includes hallucinogens that are substances of abuse, a subset of *+YW10 hallucinogens* qh ah.
A major classification of natural and synthetic drugs whose primary effect is to distort the senses, ultimately producing hallucinations--experiences that depart from reality. These drugs may produce profound alterations in sensation, mood, and consciousness at doses that result in comparatively light physiological activity. Although most experiences are visual, they also may involve the sense of hearing, touch, smell, or taste, sometimes simultaneously. Other drugs, such as alcohol or cannabis, may produce hallucinations if a very high dose is used; however, they are not classified as hallucinogens because this is not the usual effect expected or experienced. In low doses, the effects of hallucinogens vary widely, depending on variations in the drug taken and the unique sensitivity of the user at the time of use. | |
| ST | psychedelics | |
| NT | +BE2 cannabinoid of abuse qh ah | |
| BJ2.8e MDMA qh ah | ||
| +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | ||
| BT | +YW10e hallucinogens qh ah |
| BF2 | mescaline in any form qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| BF2.2 | . mescaline qh |
| SN | An alkaloid with hallucinogenic properties that is either derived from the heads or "buttons" of the peyote cactus or produced synthetically. It is less potent than LSD, but like LSD it alters perception and can produce hallucinations. Effects appear within 2 to 3 hours and last from 4 to 12 hours or more. Mescaline belongs to the same chemical group as TMA and MDA (the phenylethylalanines) and is chemically related to adrenaline. | |
| BT | +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | |
| +YW10e hallucinogens qh ah | ||
| +ZN2.10.4e phenylethylamine qh ah | ||
| +ZPe alkaloids qh ah | ||
| RT | +BF2.4 peyote qh ah | |
| BJ2.10 DOM qh ah |
| BF2.4 | . peyote qh |
| SN | A small cactus, Lophophora, that has a spineless head, or "button," and is native to north Mexico and Texas, and that contains the hallucinogen mescaline. The term peyote is sometimes loosely used to refer to mescaline. Its hallucinogenic properties were known to the Aztecs, who considered it divine and called it "peyotl." During the 19th century, based on the continuing belief in its divine, supernatural powers, its use spread among Native Americans, who used it in their religious rites as an aid to their traditional search for divine visions, and to heal the sick. Eventually this use developed into a religion incorporating elements of Christianity, which is now known as the Native American church. A crucial sacrament of this church, legal use of peyote is limited only to bona fide members. | |
| ST | Lophophora | |
| mescal-button | ||
| BT | +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | |
| +WK4.6.4.8.2 Cactaceae qh ah | ||
| RT | BF2.2 mescaline qh ah |
| BF2.4.2 | . . Lophophora williamsi qh |
| BF2.4.4 | . . Lophophora diffusa qh |
| BF4 | lysergic acid qh |
| BT | +BT6.6.2 schedule III CNS depressants qh ah | |
| +ZP8.2e ergoline qh ah |
| BF4.2e | . LSD qh |
| SN | Generic name for the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide-25. Discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman in 1938, LSD is one of the most potent mind-altering chemicals known. A white, odorless powder usually taken orally, its effects are highly variable and begin within one hour and generally last 2 to 12 hours, gradually tapering off. It has been used experimentally in the treatment of alcoholics and psychiatric patients. It significantly alters perception, mood, and psychological processes and can impair motor coordination and skills. During the 1950s and early 1960s, LSD experimentation was legally conducted by psychiatrists and others in the health and mental health professions. Sometimes dramatic, unpleasant psychological reactions occur, including panic, great confusion, and anxiety. | |
| ST | lysergic acid diethylamide | |
| BT | +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | |
| +YV6.6e serotonin antagonists qh ah | ||
| RT | BF8.4 psilocybine qh ah | |
| BJ2.10 DOM qh ah |
| BF6e | phencyclidine qh |
| SN | A psychoactive drug with central nervous system (CNS) depressant, stimulant, analgesic, and hallucinogenic effects.
A synthetic depressant drug developed as an anesthetic agent for surgical procedures in the late 1950s but because of adverse effects is now used only for veterinary purposes. It is sold and used on the street as a hallucinogen, often represented as THC, mescaline, or psilocybin. A white, crystalline, water-soluble powder, it is most often smoked after being sprinkled on parsley, marijuana, or tobacco, although it is also used orally, injected, and sniffed. The risk of adverse reactions to PCP is considered to be great enough to outweigh any usefulness in the treatment of humans; side effects can include agitation, irritability, extreme excitement, visual disturbances, and delirium. Unlike most hallucinogens, it exerts a CNS depressant effect rather than a stimulant effect. In small doses, effects can be very unpredictable, but PCP generally produces a state resembling drunkenness. When used regularly, memory, perception, concentration, and judgment are often disturbed. In large, chronic doses, it can cause anesthesia, sensory disturbance, and permanent brain and nervous system damage. | |
| ST | PCP | |
| BT | +YW4.4.2 dissociative anesthetics qh ah | |
| +YW10e hallucinogens qh ah | ||
| +ZT4.20e piperidine qh ah | ||
| RT | BF8.4 psilocybine qh ah | |
| +YW4e CNS depressants qh ah |
| BF8 | psilocine and psilocybine in any form qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Indole hallucinogens that block the action of serotonin. Their effect is similar to mescaline and LSD. They act within 20 to 30 minutes, and the effect lasts for about 4 hours. Psilocybin differs from psilocin in having a phosphate group attached to the molecule at the oxygen atom. | |
| ST | hallucinogenic mushrooms |
| BF8.2 | . psilocin qh |
| SN | An unstable alkaloid contained in the *BF8.6 Psilocybe mexicana* qh ah mushroom, along with, but in a smaller quantity than, psilocybin. Psilocin is the hallucinogenic substance to which psilocybin is converted in the body. |
| BF8.4 | . psilocybine qh |
| SN | A hallucinogenic alkaloid in a number of mushrooms of Mexico with the common name of teonanactyl, such as the Psilocybe mexicana. Psilocin is an accompanying alkaloid. Both are derivatives of tryptamine, are chemically related to LSD and DMT, and are usually taken orally. Extremely expensive to synthesize or extract, most of what passes for psilocybin sold on the street is actually either *BF4.2 LSD* qh ah or a mixture of LSD and *BF6 phencyclidine* qh ah (PCP). | |
| BT | +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | |
| +YW10e hallucinogens qh ah | ||
| +ZT6.10.12e tryptamine qh ah |
| BF8.6 | . Psilocybe mexicana qh |
| BT | +WJ10.2.4 mushroom qh ah | |
| RT | BF8.2 psilocin qh ah |
| BF8.8 | . Stropharia cubensis qh |
| BT | +WJ10.2.4 mushroom qh ah |
| BF10 | bufotenine qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine | |
| N-dimethyl-5-HT | ||
| BT | +BT6.2.2 schedule I hallucinogens qh ah | |
| +YV6.6e serotonin antagonists qh ah |
| BF10.2 | . bufo toad qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Includes bufo marinus (the common marine toad) and related species (e.g. the European Bufo vulgaris, the Amazonian Bufo aqua, and the North American Bufo alvarius). The skin of the bufo toad contains bufotenine. Users will lick the skin of the toad (toad licking) to obtain the bufotenine. | |
| BT | +WP4 amphibian qh ah |
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