| EFe | route of administration d-out qh |
| SN | The way in which a substance reaches its site of action in the body. The substance may be administered for therapeutic or psychoactive effects--possibly as part of a human or animal experiment--by a
third party or by the subjects themselves, or the subject may be exposed to the substance through the environment or in utero.
The major distinction between routes of administration is not the site where a substance is introduced or applied to the body, or even the way it is introduced or applied, but whether it takes effect merely in the local area where it is applied or whether it reaches its destination through systemic circulation. A further criterion is whether the drug reaches systemic circulation directly or whether it first passes through the liver, where it may be metabolized or excreted (first-pass effect in enteral administration). (Note: Drugs administered into the systemic circulation by any route, excluding intra-arterial injection, are subject to possible first-pass elimination in the lung prior to distribution to the rest of the body.) Whether administration of a drug results in local or systemic action depends not only on the site and method of administration but also on the properties of the drug; sometimes the drug has both local and systemic action. This is particularly true for application to a mucous membrane, which may be intended for a local action but also may include, sometimes unwanted, systemic action. Furthermore, a drug may be absorbed at several sites (e.g., the mouth and the lung, the rectum and the intestine) in various proportions. To account at least partially for the very complex phenomena of the absorption of drugs into the body, the following classification uses two dimensions, or facets: by scope of drug action and by method or body site of administration. To index the route of administration completely, use at least one descriptor from each facet. Combine with *+EE20 chemical exposure* qh ah to indicate accidental or inadvertent contact with a substance. | |
| ST | medication route | |
| method of delivery of drugs or food | ||
| mode of substance administration | ||
| route of drug application | ||
| route of drug entry | ||
| route of exposure | ||
| BT | +EE12e pharmacokinetics qh ah | |
| RT | +AA2e AOD use qh ah | |
| +BS AOD substance by route of administration qh ah | ||
| EE12.2e drug absorption qh ah | ||
| +EE14.4.8 drug effect by location qh ah | ||
| +EE20e chemical exposure qh ah | ||
| +HK2.10.2.2.4 nicotine replacement qh ah | ||
| +HRe drug therapy qh ah | ||
| OC2 drug paraphernalia qh ah |
| EF2 | route of administration by scope of drug action qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Use at least one of the narrower descriptors and combine it with the appropriate descriptor from *+EF4 route of administration by method or body site* qh ah. If specific information is not available, use this broad descriptor. |
| EF2.2 | . topical and local administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The application of a substance to a localized area, chiefly for local effects at this site. | |
| NT | HU4.2 local anesthesia qh ah | |
| RT | EE14.4.8.2 local drug effect qh ah | |
| GH10.2 chemical injury qh ah |
| EF2.2.2 | . . topical administration qh |
| SN | The application of a substance on the surface of the skin or on a mucous membrane (including the gastrointestinal membrane) so that the substance will take effect on the surface or on a localized layer under the surface. For example, for the administration of a decongestant spray, use *EF2.2.2 topical administration* qh ah combined with *EF4.4.4.4 nasal administration* qh ah. | |
| ST | topical application |
| EF2.2.4 | . . local drug administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The introduction of a substance into a localized area of the skin or other tissue, for example, through injection. | |
| NT | EF4.6.4 intra-arterial injection qh ah | |
| EF4.6.8 intracutaneous injection qh ah | ||
| +EF4.6.16 CNS injection qh ah |
| EF2.4 | . systemic administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The introduction of a substance into systemic circulation so that it is carried to the site of effect. | |
| NT | +EF4.6.2e intravenous injection qh ah | |
| EF4.6.10 administration through skin implant qh ah | ||
| HU4.4 general anesthesia qh ah | ||
| RT | EE14.4.8.4 systemic drug effect qh ah | |
| +EF4.4.4 inhalation, smoking, sniffing qh ah | ||
| +GH10.4 chemical poisoning qh ah |
| EF4 | route of administration by method or body site qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | Because in many cases a drug can have local or systemic effects regardless of the method or body site of administration, any of these descriptors should be combined with the appropriate descriptor
from *+EF2 route of administration by scope of drug action* qh ah. Where appropriate, a route of
administration can be specified further by combining it with a descriptor from *+X body part* qh ah, for example,
*EF4.6.14 intramuscular injection* qh ah combined with *+XD8.4 leg* qh ah.
The classification given here, especially the grouping of a number of routes under the heading *+EF4.4 mucosal administration* qh ah, follows, in part, Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 17th ed., 1993. Both *+EF4.2 enteral administration* qh ah and *+EF4.4 mucosal administration* qh ah leave body membranes intact, whereas *+EF4.6 parenteral administration* qh ah introduces substances into the body by mechanically penetrating a membrane. | |
| RT | +EF2 route of administration by scope of drug action qh ah |
| EF4.2e | . enteral administration qh |
| SN | The administration of a substance by way of the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., stomach and intestine), usually for systemic action. A drug that is absorbed from the stomach or intestine first must pass through the liver; therefore, some of the active drug will be inactivated or diverted before it can reach systemic circulation. | |
| ST | nonparenteral administration |
| EF4.2.2 | . . oral enteral administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The introduction of a substance into the gastrointestinal tract by way of the mouth, usually for systemic action. The drug will be exposed to the gastric environment, which transforms some drugs. For administration by way of absorption through the oral mucosa, use *+EF4.4.6 oral mucosal administration* qh ah or a narrower term. The term "oral administration," or simply "orally," often is used in the narrower meaning of "oral enteral administration" as defined here. | |
| ST | drug ingestion | |
| per os administration | ||
| PO administration | ||
| BT | +EF4.10e oral administration qh ah | |
| RT | +EA24.8e nutrient intake qh ah |
| EF4.2.4 | . . rectal enteral administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The introduction of a substance into the gastrointestinal tract by way of the rectum, usually for systemic action. For application by way of absorption through the rectal mucosa, use *EF4.4.8 rectal mucosal administration* qh ah. If both ways of absorption apply or if in doubt, use the broader term *+EF4.12 rectal administration* qh ah. | |
| BT | +EF4.12 rectal administration qh ah |
| EF4.4e | . mucosal administration qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The administration of a substance by way of application to a mucous membrane (other than the gastrointestinal tract), the pulmonary epithelium, or the skin. The drug action may be topical/local, systemic (through absorption by a mucous membrane or other surface), or a combination of both. The classification is based primarily on the site where the absorption takes place, not on the site where the substance enters the body. Thus, in pulmonary administration, the gas could be inhaled through the mouth or through the nose. Unless implied by the specific narrower descriptor, combine with the appropriate descriptor from *+X body part* qh ah to indicate the site of the application. | |
| RT | EF4.6.6e intraperitoneal administration qh ah | |
| XQ4.2.18 vagina qh ah | ||
| +XV6.2e eye qh ah |
| EF4.4.2e | . . transdermal administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | Administration of a substance by way of absorption through the skin, usually for systemic action. | |
| ST | cutaneous application | |
| BT | +EF4.8 skin administration qh ah | |
| +XH2e skin qh ah | ||
| RT | EF4.6.10 administration through skin implant qh ah | |
| EF4.6.12 subcutaneous injection qh ah |
| EF4.4.2.2 | . . . skin patch qh |
| RT | +BDe tobacco in any form qh ah |
| EF4.4.2.4e | . . . iontophoresis qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. Iontophoresis can be used for local and systemic drug delivery without the complications of injection. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. (It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current.) | |
| ST | galvanoionization | |
| iontotherapy | ||
| medical ionization | ||
| BT | +CQ12.22.6e electrophoresis qh ah | |
| +HP8.12 electrotherapy qh ah |
| EF4.4.2.4.2e | . . . . microiontopheresis qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| EF4.4.4 | . . inhalation, smoking, sniffing qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The administration of a substance in the form of a gas, aerosol (including smoke), or fine powder by way of the nose, lung, or mouth.
Use this descriptor only if specific information is not available; otherwise, use all applicable narrower descriptors. Examples: If a drug is inhaled through the mouth or the nose but is absorbed mostly in the lung, use *+EF4.4.4.6 pulmonary administration* qh ah; if a drug is inhaled through the nose and is absorbed in significant proportions in both the nose and the lung, use both *EF4.4.4.4 nasal administration* qh ah and *+EF4.4.4.6 pulmonary administration* qh ah. | |
| ST | insufflation | |
| RT | +BGe volatile inhalant qh ah | |
| +EF2.4 systemic administration qh ah |
| EF4.4.4.2e | . . . smoking qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| SN | "Smoking" often is used to mean "smoking tobacco." However, here the descriptor smoking refers to smoking any substance. To index tobacco smoking, combine with *+BD tobacco in any form* qh ah or the appropriate narrower descriptor. | |
| NT | OD2.4 freebasing qh ah | |
| BT | +EF4.10e oral administration qh ah | |
| RT | +BDe tobacco in any form qh ah | |
| +BD6 tobacco smoke qh ah | ||
| +BEe marijuana in any form qh ah | ||
| +BS4e inhaled substance qh ah | ||
| +EE20.2 passive inhalation qh ah |
| EF4.4.4.2.2 | . . . . smoking without inhalation qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| EF4.4.4.2.4 | . . . . smoking with inhalation qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +EF4.4.4.6e pulmonary administration qh ah |
| EF4.4.4.4e | . . . nasal administration qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The administration of a substance by way of the nose, often with systemic action due to absorption through the nasal mucosa. | |
| ST | drug blowing | |
| drug sniffing | ||
| drug snorting | ||
| BT | +XK2.2.2 nasal membrane qh ah | |
| RT | BK4.4 cocaine powder qh ah | |
| +BS4e inhaled substance qh ah | ||
| EF2.2.2 topical administration qh ah | ||
| XK2.4e pharynx qh ah |
| EF4.4.4.6e | . . . pulmonary administration qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The administration of a substance in the form of a gas or aerosol through inhalation into the lung, often with systemic action due to absorption through the pulmonary epithelium and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. | |
| ST | drug inhalation (nose) | |
| huffing | ||
| NT | EF4.4.4.2.4 smoking with inhalation qh ah | |
| BT | +XK4e lung qh ah |
| EF4.4.4.6.2 | . . . . nicotine inhaler qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| BT | +BDe tobacco in any form qh ah | |
| +HK2.10.2.2.4 nicotine replacement qh ah |
| EF4.4.4.6.4 | . . . . nicotine spray qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| BT | +BDe tobacco in any form qh ah |
| EF4.4.6 | . . oral mucosal administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The administration of a substance to the oral mucosa, often with systemic action due to absorption. | |
| NT | EN2 chewing qh ah | |
| BT | +EF4.10e oral administration qh ah | |
| RT | BD4.6.2 chewing tobacco qh ah | |
| BJ4.4.4e betel nut qh ah | ||
| EF4.2.2 oral enteral administration qh ah |
| EF4.4.6.2 | . . . buccal administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | The administration of a substance to the mucosa on the inside of the cheek or the back of the mouth. |
| EF4.4.6.4 | . . . sublingual administration qh |
| SN | The administration of a substance to the mucosa of the tongue and under the tongue. | |
| BT | +XL2.4 tongue qh ah | |
| RT | BD4.6.2 chewing tobacco qh ah | |
| BJ4.4.4e betel nut qh ah |
| EF4.4.8 | . . rectal mucosal administration qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +EF4.12 rectal administration qh ah | |
| RT | EF4.2.4 rectal enteral administration qh ah |
| EF4.6e | . parenteral administration qh |
| SN | The administration of a substance through injection or infusion. Usually the drug action is systemic, but in some cases, it is confined to a local area. Combine with the appropriate descriptor from *+X body part* qh ah to indicate the site of the injection. | |
| ST | infusion | |
| injection | ||
| NT | +EE20.6e prenatal chemical exposure qh ah | |
| RT | BS2e injected substance qh ah |
| EF4.6.2e | . . intravenous injection qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| ST | IV injection | |
| mainlining | ||
| shooting up | ||
| BT | +EF2.4 systemic administration qh ah | |
| +XJ6.4e vein qh ah | ||
| RT | +BS AOD substance by route of administration qh ah | |
| BS2e injected substance qh ah | ||
| TL4.10.4e intravenous drug user qh ah |
| EF4.6.2.2 | . . . intravenous infusion qh |
| EF4.6.4 | . . intra-arterial injection qh |
| SN | Occasionally a drug is injected directly into an artery to localize its effect to a particular tissue or organ. However, this practice usually has dubious therapeutic value. Diagnostic agents sometimes are administered by this route. Intra-arterial injection requires great care and should be reserved for experts. The first-pass and cleansing effects of the lung are not available when drugs are given by this route. | |
| BT | +EF2.2.4 local drug administration qh ah | |
| +XJ6.2e artery qh ah |
| EF4.6.6e | . . intraperitoneal administration qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| SN | Injection of a substance into the peritoneum, where it is absorbed by the lining. The substance is subject to first pass through the liver. | |
| ST | intraperitoneal infusion | |
| intraperitoneal injection | ||
| BT | +XD6.4.4e peritoneum qh ah | |
| RT | +EF4.4e mucosal administration qh ah |
| EF4.6.8 | . . intracutaneous injection qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| ST | endermic injection | |
| intradermal injection | ||
| BT | +EF2.2.4 local drug administration qh ah | |
| +EF4.8 skin administration qh ah | ||
| +XH2e skin qh ah |
| EF4.6.10 | . . administration through skin implant qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +EF2.4 systemic administration qh ah | |
| +EF4.8 skin administration qh ah | ||
| +XH2e skin qh ah | ||
| RT | +EF4.4.2e transdermal administration qh ah |
| EF4.6.12 | . . subcutaneous injection qh |
| ST | hypodermic injection | |
| skin popping | ||
| subcutaneous application | ||
| BT | +EF4.8 skin administration qh ah | |
| +XH2e skin qh ah | ||
| RT | +EF4.4.2e transdermal administration qh ah |
| EF4.6.14 | . . intramuscular injection qh |
| ST | IM injection | |
| RT | +EF4 route of administration by method or body site qh ah |
| EF4.6.16 | . . CNS injection qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| BT | +EF2.2.4 local drug administration qh ah | |
| +XZe central nervous system qh ah |
| EF4.6.16.2 | . . . intrathecal injection qh |
| SN | Injection of drugs directly into the spinal subarachnoid space in order to achieve local, rapid effects on the meninges or cerebrospinal axis. Used in spinal anesthesia or acute CNS infections in order to bypass the *XZ2.2.4 blood-brain barrier* qh ah. |
| EF4.8 | . skin administration qh |
| NT | +EF4.4.2e transdermal administration qh ah | |
| EF4.6.8 intracutaneous injection qh ah | ||
| EF4.6.10 administration through skin implant qh ah | ||
| EF4.6.12 subcutaneous injection qh ah | ||
| BT | +XH2e skin qh ah | |
| RT | HF20.22 skin test qh ah |
| EF4.10e | . oral administration qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| NT | EF4.2.2 oral enteral administration qh ah | |
| +EF4.4.4.2e smoking qh ah | ||
| +EF4.4.6 oral mucosal administration qh ah | ||
| BT | +XL2e mouth qh ah |
| EF4.12 | . rectal administration qh |
| SN | With rectal administration that is not purely topical, some proportion of the drug may be absorbed directly through the rectal mucosa and not be subject to first pass through the liver, whereas another portion may pass into the intestine and be absorbed from there. | |
| NT | EF4.2.4 rectal enteral administration qh ah | |
| EF4.4.8 rectal mucosal administration qh ah | ||
| BT | +XM2.4.10e rectum qh ah |
| EF6 | drug administration by self versus others qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| SN | This aspect often is not indexed, except for *EF6.2 self-administration of drugs* qh ah by animals in animal studies or self use of a method of administration normally performed by others, such as injection. |
| EF6.2e | . self-administration of drugs qh |
| EF6.4 | . drug administration by others qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. |
| EGe | cell function d-out qh |
| BT | +EAe general life processes qh ah | |
| +XAe cell and cell structure qh ah |
| EG2e | cell growth and differentiation qh |
| ST | cell development | |
| BT | +EDe growth and development qh ah | |
| RT | +ED4.10.2.4 organogenesis qh ah | |
| ED6.4.4 biological involution qh ah | ||
| ET4.6.4 lymphocyte activation qh ah |
| EG2.2 | . cell division qh |
| ST | cell growth | |
| cell proliferation | ||
| cell replication |
| EG2.2.2 | . . cell cycle qh |
| RT | +ED6e biological life cycle qh ah |
| EG2.2.4 | . . mitosis qh |
| RT | +XA2.2e cell nucleus qh ah |
| EG2.2.6 | . . meiosis qh |
| RT | +ES4.2 gametogenesis qh ah | |
| +XA2.2e cell nucleus qh ah |
| EG2.4 | . cell differentiation qh |
| SN | A process by which cells become specialized in structure and function |
| EG2.6 | . cell life cycle qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. |
| EG2.6.6e | . . cytolysis qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| SN | Destruction or breakdown of the living cell, primarily by disintegration of the outer membrane. | |
| ST | cell death | |
| NT | +GG14.6e necrosis qh ah | |
| RT | ED6.6 biological death qh ah | |
| +ET4e immune function qh ah |
| EG2.6.6.2e | . . . apoptosis qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | A series of chemical reactions within a cell that are induced by various events and which result in the cell's death. |
| EG2.8e | . cell migration qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| SN | The movement of maturing cells to their ultimate locations so that they can serve a specific role in the overall coordinated activity of an organ. | |
| ST | cellular migration | |
| BT | +ED4.4.2 morphogenesis qh ah | |
| RT | +ED4.10.2.4 organogenesis qh ah | |
| ET4.6.4 lymphocyte activation qh ah |
| EG2.8.2e | . . chemotaxis qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 2000. | |
| ST | chemiotaxis | |
| chemotropism | ||
| RT | +EA14 biological movement qh ah | |
| +XS2.10e leukocytes qh ah |
| EG6 | cell-cell interaction qh |
| RT | +ED4.4.2 morphogenesis qh ah | |
| +EG10e cell signaling qh ah |
| EG6.6 | . cell aggregation qh |
| BT | +ED4.4.2 morphogenesis qh ah | |
| RT | ET2.4.2.2e platelet aggregation qh ah |
| EG8e | cell electrophysiology qh |
| SN | Use this descriptor for general mention; more specific descriptors appear under *+EG10 cell signaling* qh ah, *EG12 signal transduction* qh ah, *+EG14 cell membrane biology* qh ah, and *+EG16 mitochondrial biology* qh ah. | |
| NT | +HG22.8.6e evoked potential qh ah | |
| BT | +EA2e electrical life processes qh ah | |
| RT | +CB26 electrical property qh ah | |
| EG14.8.4.4e voltage gated channel qh ah | ||
| EW6.4 electrical neurotransmission qh ah | ||
| +HE8e electrodiagnosis qh ah |
| EG10e | cell signaling qh |
| NT | +EW6e neurotransmission qh ah | |
| RT | +EG6 cell-cell interaction qh ah | |
| +EG8e cell electrophysiology qh ah | ||
| EG14.2e receptor ligand binding qh ah | ||
| +YFe hormones qh ah | ||
| +YKe receptors qh ah |
| EG10.2 | . electrical cell signaling qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| NT | EW6.4 electrical neurotransmission qh ah | |
| RT | EG14.8.4.4e voltage gated channel qh ah |
| EG10.4 | . chemical cell signaling qh |
| HN | Introduced 1995. | |
| NT | EW6.6 chemical neurotransmission qh ah | |
| RT | +YFe hormones qh ah | |
| +YKe receptors qh ah |
| EG12e | signal transduction qh |
| ST | sensory transduction | |
| BT | +EV2e sensation qh ah | |
| RT | +EG8e cell electrophysiology qh ah | |
| +EVe sensory system function qh ah |
| EG14 | cell membrane biology qh |
| RT | +EC2e biological transport qh ah | |
| +EG8e cell electrophysiology qh ah | ||
| +XA2.12e cell membrane qh ah | ||
| +YKe receptors qh ah |
| EG14.2e | . receptor ligand binding qh |
| SN | Please note that documents will often discuss the concept of receptor binding without explicitly mentioning ligands. Receptor binding always involves ligands. | |
| ST | receptor binding | |
| receptor coupling | ||
| receptor ligand affinity | ||
| RT | CK2.4e structure activity relationship qh ah | |
| +EE12.4.4e drug binding qh ah | ||
| +EG10e cell signaling qh ah | ||
| +YKe receptors qh ah |
| EG14.4e | . membrane fluidity qh |
| EG14.6e | . membrane permeability qh |
| ST | membrane gating properties | |
| RT | +EC2.6e passive transport qh ah |
| EG14.8e | . membrane channel qh |
| SN | Proteins that span the cell membrane, forming pores that regulate the flow of specific charged particles into and out of the cell. Use to index documents dealing with membrane structures involved in
transmembrane transport.
Use *+EC2 biological transport* qh ah or narrower terms to index documents containing less specific concepts. | |
| ST | ion channels | |
| NT | ZO6.4.6.4e membrane transport protein qh ah | |
| BT | +XA2.12e cell membrane qh ah | |
| RT | +EC2e biological transport qh ah | |
| EC2.10e ion transport qh ah | ||
| YD8.12.2e ionophores qh ah | ||
| +YKe receptors qh ah | ||
| +YK6.4.4e nicotinic receptor qh ah |
| EG14.8.2 | . . nongated membrane channel qh |
| ST | nongated ion channel | |
| RT | +EC2.6e passive transport qh ah |
| EG14.8.4 | . . gated membrane channel qh |
| ST | gated ion channel |
| EG14.8.4.2 | . . . receptor operated channel qh |
| ST | chemically gated channels | |
| ligand gated ion channels | ||
| ROC | ||
| RT | +YKe receptors qh ah |
| EG14.8.4.4e | . . . voltage gated channel qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| ST | voltage activated ion channel | |
| voltage gated ion channel | ||
| RT | +EG8e cell electrophysiology qh ah | |
| +EG10.2 electrical cell signaling qh ah |
| EG14.8.6e | . . chloride channel qh |
| RT | +YK6.8e GABA receptors qh ah | |
| YK10e benzodiazepine receptors qh ah |
| EG14.8.8e | . . calcium channel qh |
| RT | YK6.10.2e NMDA receptors qh ah |
| EG14.8.10e | . . potassium channel qh |
| HN | Introduced 2000. | |
| SN | Potassium channels play a major role in regulating membrane potential and producing membrane repolarization following transmission of nerve impulses. |
| EG14.8.12 | . . antiport qh |
| EG14.10 | . endocytosis or exocytosis qh |
| EG14.10.2e | . . endocytosis qh |
| EG14.10.2.2e | . . . phagocytosis qh |
| HN | ETOH descriptor 1995. | |
| ST | autophagy/autophagia | |
| BT | +ET4.6.6 antigen elimination qh ah | |
| RT | XA2.4.10e lysosome qh ah | |
| XS2.10.2.2e neutrophilic granulocyte qh ah |
| EG14.10.2.4 | . . . pinocytosis qh |
| EG14.10.4e | . . exocytosis qh |
| EG16 | mitochondrial biology qh |
| RT | +EG8e cell electrophysiology qh ah | |
| XA2.4.8e mitochondria qh ah |
| EG16.2e | . mitochondrial transport qh |
| NT | +EB4.4e electron transfer qh ah | |
| BT | +EC2e biological transport qh ah | |
| RT | +ZA2.4.4.6e calcium qh ah |
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